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The Triumph of the Republic

The Triumph of the Republic is Jules Dalou’s monumental tribute to the French Republic, commissioned by the City of Paris after an 1878 competition. Although not selected among the three final projects for Place de la République, Dalou’s design won public attention and was ordered in bronze for Place de la Nation. He spent twenty years completing the work. The life-size painted plaster model was inaugurated in 1889 during the centenary celebrations of the French Revolution, and the final bronze version followed ten years later. Parts of the bronze were cast by Thiébaut Frères, while Dalou had wanted the whole group cast by the lost-wax process. In 1908, bronze sea monsters by Georges Gardet were added to the surrounding basin, later removed under Vichy.

Identification

TitleThe Triumph of the Republic
TypeMonumental sculpture; colossal monumental group
Original French titleMonument à la République
Original languageFrench

Historical context

Competition year1878
Competition purposeTo design a monument commemorating the French Republic
Competition resultDalou's project placed second; the Morice brothers' design won

Creator

SculptorJules Dalou
Winning architectFrançois-Charles Morice
Sea monster sculptorGeorges Gardet

Discovery and provenance

Commissioning bodyCity of Paris
Commission reasonTo commemorate the French Republic
Original intended locationCenter of Place de la Nation, Paris

Location and ownership

Current locationPlace de la Nation, Paris

Physical characteristics

Completion time20 years

Materials

Model materialPainted plaster
FoundryThiébaut Frères
Final materialBronze

Technique

Desired casting methodLost-wax casting
Casting method usedMostly sand casting
Casting difficultyLost-wax casting proved difficult for a monument of this size

History and restoration

Basin replacementReplaced by the garden of Marianne
Basin removalThe basin disappeared in the 1960s during construction of the first RER line under Place de la Nation
Sea monster removalRemoved under the Vichy regime for metal recovery
Sea monster ideaThe basin-and-water-jet idea had been sketched by Dalou and later abandoned
Final bronze inauguration presiding officialÉmile Loubet
Decorative basin additionsBronze sea monsters installed in the basin around the monument in 1908
Final bronze inauguration date19 November 1899
Life-size model inauguration presiding officialSadi Carnot
Life-size model inauguration occasionCentenary celebrations of the French Revolution
Life-size model inauguration date21 September 1889

Iconography and meaning

Top figure attributesLeaning on a fasces and wearing a Phrygian cap
Bare breast interpretationGenerally read as a nurturing maternal or divine force caring for her children
Wealth childCarries a cornucopia
Equity childCarries a balance
Instruction childCarries a book and the tools of the building trades
Children symbolismChildren representing Instruction, Equity, and Wealth
Globe symbolismA globe beneath her feet evokes the universal character of the Republic
Allegory of LaborA blacksmith carrying a hammer on his shoulder
Allegory of PeaceAlso called Abundance or Prosperity; shown scattering flowers
Allegory of JusticeA woman holding an ermine mantle and the hand of justice
Sea monster symbolismSymbols of the impotent forces of reaction that spouted water jets toward the monumental group
Genius of LibertyLeads the chariot and lights the way with a torch
Lion symbolismThe two lions symbolize popular strength
SubjectThe Republic personified as Marianne
Artistic referenceThe bare-breasted depiction recalls Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People, which refers to the July Revolution of 1830

Significance

Later useOften used as a backdrop for photographs linked to popular movements, including the May 1968 protests and the Republican marches of 10 and 11 January 2015

Appearance

Main compositionMarianne stands on a chariot drawn by two lions and is led by the Genius of Liberty, who lights the way with a torch
Bare breastMarianne is shown with one bare breast